Science of = Everyday=20 Things | Science in = Dispute=20 | Science = and=20 Technology

Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a serious, chronic (can be curbed or regulated but = cannot be=20 cured), potentially fatal condition in which a person has an = uncontrollable urge=20 to drink alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism can be seen in both the rich = and the=20 poor, the young and the old, and males and females. It is estimated that = 75=20 percent of alcoholics are male and 25 percent are female.

Biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors all seem to = play a=20 role in the development of alcoholism. Children with a biological parent = who is=20 an alcoholic are more likely to become alcoholics than are children who = do not=20 have an alcoholic parent. Peer pressure, the social acceptability of = drinking,=20 and a desire to escape from emotional stress and anxiety can all set the = stage=20 for a person's descent into alcohol addiction.

How alcohol affects the body

Alcohol is a depressant that acts as a numbing agent on the central = nervous=20 system. Some adults can drink alcohol-containing beverages in moderate = amounts=20 without experiencing significant side effects. The ability to tolerate = alcohol=20 differs from person to person. Alcohol affects women more easily because = women=20 lack a stomach enzyme present in men that breaks down some of the = alcohol before=20 it reaches the intestines. Thus, if a man and a woman both drink a glass = of=20 wine, more alcohol will enter the woman's bloodstream than the = man's.

Alcohol affects every cell in the body, especially those of the = liver, heart,=20 and brain. Excessive use can lead to permanent brain damage, heart = disease, and=20 cirrhosis (hardening; destruction) of the liver. Alcohol provides = calories but=20 no nourishment to the body. It also robs the body of vitamins and = minerals=20 necessary to maintain proper cell function.

When alcohol is ingested, it is absorbed from the intestines directly = into=20 the bloodstream, where it is carried to all organs of the body. Most of = the=20 alcohol consumed is passed to the liver, which detoxifies the alcohol by = first=20 converting it to a chemical called acetaldehyde (pronounced = a-suh-TAL-duh-hide).=20 Acetaldehyde is then changed to acetic acid, which is converted to = carbon=20 dioxide and water or to fat, according to the body's energy needs. If = alcohol is=20 consumed faster than the liver can process it, a sufficient amount is = carried by=20 the blood to the brain, affecting mental functioning.

In alcoholics, the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid is slow = to occur=20 because of impaired liver function from previous alcohol abuse. = Acetaldehyde=20 thus accumulates in other organs of the body, causing symptoms such as=20 staggering gait, shaking hands, blinding headaches, and hallucinations. = High=20 levels of acetaldehyde can result in pain, which can be eased = temporarily by=20 further drinking.

The stages of alcoholism. In the first stage of alcoholism, a = person=20 may drink heavily and remain functional. Withdrawal symptoms are absent = other=20 than the standard hangover that follows excessive drinking. The body's = cells=20 adapt to large quantities of alcohol and use the energy it provides to = continue=20 functioning. However, alcohol eventually begins to attack cell = structures, erode=20 cell membranes, and alter cellular chemical balances. Fatty deposits = accumulate=20 in the liver cells, causing the "fatty liver" common in heavy = drinkers.

Words to Know

Alcohol withdrawal delirium: The set of physical and = psychological=20 symptoms that occur when alcohol intake is stopped suddenly following = excessive=20 use.

Cirrhosis: A chronic disease of the liver in which scar tissue = replaces normal cells, impairing blood flow.

Detoxify: To remove a poison or toxin from the body.

Metabolism: The physical and chemical processes that produce = and=20 maintain a living organism, including the breakdown of substances to = provide=20 energy for the organism.

No definite signpost marks the border between the early and middle = stages of=20 alcoholism, and the change may take years. Eventually, however, the = alcoholic=20 drinks to counteract the symptoms of alcoholism, not to get high or to = be able=20 to function better. Deterioration of cells in all parts of the body = produce=20 symptoms such as severe headaches, trembling, chills, and nausea when = the level=20 of alcohol in the blood falls.

As cellular metabolism becomes more and more dependent upon alcohol, = an=20 alcohol-dependent person shows signs of alcohol withdrawal delirium when = intake=20 is stopped abruptly. He may experience loss of appetite and = uncontrollable=20 bodily shaking, become frightened and shrink into a corner, or become = dangerous=20 as he lashes out to protect himself from an imaginary attack. The person = may=20 also manipulate his hands as if playing a game of cards, throwing dice, = or=20 whittling. These symptoms require immediate medical attention as they = can be=20 precursors to a heart attack, stroke, or respiratory failure.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of birth defects found in = some=20 children whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. Since a fetus or = unborn=20 baby receives its nourishment directly from the blood stream of its = mother,=20 alcohol easily enters the fetus's body. The level of alcohol in a = fetus's blood=20 is the same as that of its mother's within just a few short minutes = after the=20 mother has begun drinking.

The effects of FAS range from mild to severe, depending on the amount = and=20 frequency of alcohol consumed by a mother during her pregnancy. The = weight and=20 height of newborns suffering from FAS is lower than average. They also = have=20 physical disabilities such as low muscle tone, a smaller than normal = skull, and=20 irregularities of the face including small eye sockets. After infancy, = children=20 suffering from FAS display nervous system disorders such as = hyperactivity,=20 learning deficiencies, temper tantrums, short attention span, inability = to=20 concentrate, and seizures.

FAS results in more babies being born mentally retarded than any = other known=20 factor. Yet it is completely preventable if a pregnant mother stops = drinking=20 alcohol during her entire pregnancy.

In the final stage of alcoholism, the cellular demand for alcohol is = so great=20 that the alcoholic must drink constantly to avoid his painful symptoms. = The=20 heart, pancreas, digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems all show=20 characteristic changes. The liver suffers the most extensive damage. = About 10=20 percent of persons in this stage die from liver failure as a result of=20 cirrhosis, a disease in which scar tissue forms in the liver and affects = its=20 ability to function properly. Perhaps a third die from accidents such as = falling=20 down stairs or drowning, or by committing suicide.

Treatment

There is no cure for alcoholism. Treatment consists of total = avoidance of=20 alcohol. Therapeutic programs lasting about four weeks are recommended = to=20 support the patient through withdrawal, medically treat physical = problems=20 brought on by alcohol abuse, and educate the patient about his condition = and the=20 need to abstain from alcohol. Individual, group, and family therapy are = also=20 usually included in the recovery process. To discourage alcoholics from=20 drinking, they are sometimes given medication that causes a severe, = unpleasant=20 reaction if mixed with alcohol.

Continued support through participation in a group such as Alcoholics = Anonymous can help the alcoholic adjust to life without alcohol. Many = will need=20 this type of support for the rest of their lives. An alcoholic has about = a 50=20 percent chance of successful recovery from addiction.

[See also Addiction; Alcohols<= /B>]

User Contributions:

1

kyle

May 26, 2006 @ 11:11 am

how does alochol affect and what body parts = are=20 affected?

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